Essentials Of Biology

Description: Essentials of Biology, is designed to provide students who are not majoring in science with a fundamental understanding of the science of biology. Even though these students are not scientists, an understanding of how science can help identify, analyze, and offer solutions to the many challenges facing human society is critical to our species’ health and survival. Preface Essentials of Biology, 7e is designed to provide students who are not majoring in science with a fundamental understanding of the science of biology. Even though these students are not scientists, an understanding of how science can help identify, analyze, and offer solutions to the many challenges facing human society is critical to our species’ health and survival. As we have all learned within the past few years, the challenges facing us, from climate change to the COVID-19 pandemic, are demanding that we as a society not only become more scientifically literate but also understand and appreciate the importance of the process of scientific thought and the roles of scientists in our culture. The front cover of this text was chosen to indicate the wonders of biology and the excitement of scientific discovery. The white storks of Portugal, which are not marine birds, are shown here nesting on rock chimneys along the coast. Due to climate change, adaptation, and behavioral changes, these animals have adapted to a new habitat. Students in today’s world are being exposed, almost on a daily basis, to exciting new discoveries and insights that, in many cases, were beyond our predictions even a few short years ago—from revolutionary new techniques to develop vaccines to stop pandemics, to the impacts of climate change on their local environments, and advances in medical techniques to fight diseases such as cancer. Therefore, it is important we not only know why we are different but how we are the same as the other species we share the planet with. It is our task, as instructors, not only to make these findings available to our students but to enlighten them as to why these discoveries are important to their lives and society. At the same time, we must provide students with a firm foundation in those core principles on which biology is founded, and in doing so, provide them with the background to better understand the many discoveries still to come. As educators, the authors of this text understand the needs of our colleagues in developing curricula that increasingly focus on relevancy and delivery in the online environment. McGraw Hill Education has long been an innovator in the development of digital resources, and the Essentials of Biology text is at the forefront of the integration of these technologies into the science classroom. In this edition, that involved: Making the content more relevant to the current generation of students by updating chapter openers and Biology & You boxes to focus on issues and topics important to the discussions that students are hearing in the world around them. Integrating relevancy modules to supplement the format of a traditional textbook and provide another avenue for students to engage with the content. Redesigning the artwork to ensure it transitions to the digital world of mobile devices. Developing a new boxed feature, Diversity in Science, to emphasize the contributions of unrecognized scientists to our understanding of biology. Table of contents : Cover Title Page Copyright Page Brief Contents About the Authors Preface Acknowledgments Contents CHAPTER 1 Biology: The Science of Life 1.1 The Characteristics of Life Life Requires Materials and Energy Living Organisms Maintain an Internal Environment Living Organisms Respond Living Organisms Reproduce and Develop Living Organisms Have Adaptations 1.2 Evolution: The Core Concept of Biology Natural Selection and Evolutionary Processes Organizing the Diversity of Life 1.3 Science: A Way of Knowing Start with an Observation Develop a Hypothesis Make a Prediction and Perform Experiments Develop a Conclusion Scientific Theory An Example of a Controlled Study Publishing the Results 1.4 Challenges Facing Science Climate Change Biodiversity and Habitat Loss Emerging and Reemerging Diseases UNIT I The Cell CHAPTER 2 The Chemical Basis of Life 2.1 Atoms and Atomic Bonds Atomic Structure The Periodic Table Isotopes Arrangement of Electrons in an Atom Types of Chemical Bonds Chemical Formulas and Reactions 2.2 Water’s Importance to Life The Structure of Water Properties of Water 2.3 Acids and Bases Acidic Solutions Basic Solutions pH and the pH Scale Buffers and pH CHAPTER 3 The Organic Molecules of Life 3.1 Organic Molecules The Carbon Atom The Carbon Skeleton and Functional Groups 3.2 Carbohydrates and Lipids Building Complex Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids 3.3 Proteins and Nucleic Acids Proteins Nucleic Acids CHAPTER 4 Inside the Cell 4.1 Cells Under the Microscope The Limit to Cell Size 4.2 The Plasma Membrane Functions of Membrane Proteins 4.3 The Two Main Types of Cells Prokaryotic Cells 4.4 A Tour of the Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane System Vesicles and Vacuoles Energy-Related Organelles The Cytoskeleton and Motor Proteins Centrioles Cilia and Flagella 4.5 Outside the Eukaryotic Cell Cell Walls Extracellular Matrix Junctions Between Cells CHAPTER 5 The Dynamic Cell 5.1 What Is Energy? Measuring Energy Energy Laws 5.2 ATP: Energy for Cells Structure of ATP Use and Production of ATP The Flow of Energy 5.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes An Enzyme’s Active Site Energy of Activation 5.4 Cell Transport Passive Transport: No Energy Required Active Transport: Energy Required Bulk Transport CHAPTER 6 Energy for Life 6.1 Overview of Photosynthesis Plants as Photosynthesizers The Photosynthetic Process 6.2 The Light Reactions—Harvesting Energy Photosynthetic Pigments The Light Reactions: Capturing Solar Energy 6.3 The Calvin Cycle Reactions—Making Sugars Overview of the Calvin Cycle The Many Uses of G3P 6.4 Variations in Photosynthesis C3 Photosynthesis C4 Photosynthesis CAM Photosynthesis Evolutionary Trends CHAPTER 7 Energy for Cells 7.1 Cellular Respiration Phases of Complete Glucose Breakdown 7.2 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis Energy-Investment Step Energy-Harvesting Steps 7.3 Outside the Mitochondria: Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcohol Fermentation 7.4 Inside the Mitochondria Preparatory Reaction The Citric Acid Cycle The Electron Transport Chain 7.5 Metabolic Fate of Food Energy Yield from Glucose Metabolism Alternative Metabolic Pathways UNIT II Genetics CHAPTER 8 Cellular Reproduction 8.1 An Overview of Cellular Reproduction Chromosomes Chromatin to Chromosomes 8.2 The Cell Cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis Interphase M (Mitotic) Phase 8.3 The Cell Cycle Control System Cell Cycle Checkpoints Internal and External Signals Apoptosis 8.4 The Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetic Control of the Cell Cycle Other Genetic Changes and Cancer 8.5 Characteristics of Cancer Characteristics of Cancer Cells Cancer Treatment Prevention of Cancer CHAPTER 9 Meiosis and the Genetic Basis of Sexual Reproduction 9.1 An Overview of Meiosis Homologous Chromosomes The Human Life Cycle Overview of Meiosis 9.2 The Phases of Meiosis The First Division—Meiosis I The Second Division—Meiosis II 9.3 Meiosis Compared with Mitosis Meiosis I Compared with Mitosis Meiosis II Compared with Mitosis Mitosis and Meiosis Occur at Different Times 9.4 Changes in Chromosome Number Down Syndrome Abnormal Sex Chromosome Number CHAPTER 10 Patterns of Inheritance 10.1 Mendel’s Laws Mendel’s Experimental Procedure One-Trait Inheritance Two-Trait Inheritance Mendel’s Laws and Probability Mendel’s Laws and Meiosis 10.2 Mendel’s Laws Apply to Humans Family Pedigrees Genetic Disorders of Interest 10.3 Beyond Mendel’s Laws Incomplete Dominance Multiple-Allele Traits Polygenic Inheritance Gene Interactions Pleiotropy Linkage 10.4 Sex-Linked Inheritance Sex-Linked Alleles Pedigrees for Sex-Linked Disorders X-Linked Recessive Disorders CHAPTER 11 The Instructions for Life: DNA and RNA 11.1 DNA and RNA Structure and Function The Structure of DNA Replication of DNA RNA Structure and Function 11.2 Gene Expression From DNA to RNA to Protein Review of Gene Expression 11.3 Gene Regulation Levels of Gene Expression Control CHAPTER 12 Biotechnology and Genomics 12.1 Biotechnology Recombinant DNA Technology DNA Sequencing Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Analysis Genome Editing 12.2 Biotechnology Products Genetically Modified Bacteria Genetically Modified Plants Genetically Modified Animals 12.3 Stem Cells and Cloning Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning 12.4 Genomics and Proteomics Sequencing the Bases of the Human Genome Proteomics and Bioinformatics CHAPTER 13 Mutations and Genetic Testing 13.1 Gene Mutations Causes of Gene Mutations Types and Effects of Mutations 13.2 Chromosomal Mutations Deletions Duplications Translocation Inversion 13.3 Genetic Testing Obtaining Chromosomes for Analysis Karyotype Analysis Testing for a Protein Testing the DNA Testing the Fetus Testing the Embryo and Egg 13.4 Gene Therapy Ex Vivo Gene Therapy In Vivo Gene Therapy UNIT III Evolution CHAPTER 14 Darwin and Evolution 14.1 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Before Darwin Darwin’s Conclusions Natural Selection and Adaptation Darwin and Wallace 14.2 Evidence of Evolutionary Change Fossil Evidence Biogeographical Evidence Anatomical Evidence Molecular Evidence CHAPTER 15 Evolution on a Small Scale 15.1 Natural Selection Types of Selection Sexual Selection Adaptations Are Not Perfect Maintenance of Variation 15.2 Microevolution Evolution in a Genetic Context Causes of Microevolution CHAPTER 16 Evolution on a Large Scale 16.1 Speciation and Macroevolution Defining Species Models of Speciation 16.2 The Fossil Record The Geologic Time Scale The Pace of Speciation Causes of Mass Extinctions 16.3 Systematics Linnaean Classification Phylogenetic Trees Cladistics and Cladograms The Three-Domain System UNIT IV Diversity of Life CHAPTER 17 Viruses, Bacteria, and Protists 17.1 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Structure of a Virus Viral Reproduction Plant Viruses Animal Viruses Viroids and Prions 17.2 Emerging Viruses and SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 17.3 Prokaryotes The Origin of the First Cells Bacteria The Archaea 17.4 Protists Evolution of Protists Classification of Protists CHAPTER 18 Plants and Fungi 18.1 An Overview of Plants An Overview of Plant Evolution Alternation of Generations 18.2 The Diversity of Plants Nonvascular Plants Vascular Plants Seed Plants 18.3 Fungi General Biology of a Fungus Fungal Diversity Ecological Benefits of Fungi Economic Benefits of Fungi Fungi as Disease-Causing Organisms CHAPTER 19 Animals 19.1 The Evolution of Animals Ancestry of Animals The Evolutionary Tree of Animals Evolutionary Trends 19.2 Sponges and Cnidarians: The Early Animals Sponges: Multicellularity Cnidarians: True Tissues 19.3 Flatworms, Mollusks, and Annelids: The Lophotrochozoans Flatworms: Bilateral Symmetry Mollusks Annelids: Segmented Worms 19.4 Roundworms and Arthropods: The Ecdysozoans Roundworms: Pseudocoelomates Arthropods: Jointed Appendages 19.5 Echinoderms and Chordates: The Deuterostomes Echinoderms Chordates Fishes: First Jaws and Lungs Amphibians: Jointed Vertebrate Limbs Reptiles: Amniotic Egg Mammals: Hair and Mammary Glands 19.6 Human Evolution Evolution of Humanlike Hominins Evolution of Modern Humans UNIT V Plant Structure and Function CHAPTER 20 Plant Anatomy and Growth 20.1 Plant Cells and Tissues Epidermal Tissue Ground Tissue Vascular Tissue 20.2 Plant Organs Monocots Versus Eudicots 20.3 Organization of Leaves, Stems, and Roots Leaves Stems Roots 20.4 Plant Nutrition Adaptations of Roots for Mineral Uptake 20.5 Transport of Nutrients Water Transport in Xylem Sugar Transport in Phloem CHAPTER 21 Plant Responses and Reproduction 21.1 Plant Hormones Auxins Gibberellins Cytokinins Abscisic Acid Ethylene 21.2 Plant Responses Tropisms Photoperiodism 21.3 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Overview of the Plant Life Cycle Flowers From Spores to Fertilization Development of the Seed in a Eudicot Monocots Versus Eudicots Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal Germination of Seeds 21.4 Asexual Reproduction and Genetic Engineering in Plants Propagation of Plants in a Garden Propagation of Plants in Tissue Culture Genetic Engineering of Plants UNIT VI Animal Structure and Function CHAPTER 22 Organization of the Animal Body and Homeostasis 22.1 The Body’s Organization Epithelial Tissue Protects Connective Tissue Connects and Supports Muscular Tissue Moves the Body Nervous Tissue Communicates 22.2 Organs and Organ Systems Transport and Protection Maintenance of the Body Control Sensory Input and Motor Output Reproduction 22.3 Homeostasis Organ Systems and Homeostasis Negative Feedback CHAPTER 23 The Transport Systems 23.1 Open and Closed Circulatory Systems Open Circulatory Systems Closed Circulatory Systems Comparison of Vertebrate Circulatory Pathways 23.2 Circulation in Humans The Human Heart Blood Vessels Lymphatic System Capillary Exchange in the Tissues 23.3 Blood: A Transport Medium Plasma Formed Elements Cardiovascular Disorders CHAPTER 24 The Maintenance Systems 24.1 Respiratory System The Human Respiratory Tract Breathing Lungs and External Exchange of Gases Respiration in Other Animals Transport and Internal Exchange of Gases 24.2 Urinary System Human Kidney Problems with Kidney Function CHAPTER 25 Digestion and Human Nutrition 25.1 Digestive System Complete and Incomplete Digestive Systems The Digestive Tract Accessory Organs Digestive Enzymes 25.2 Nutrition Introducing the Nutrients 25.3 The Classes of Nutrients Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Minerals Vitamins Water 25.4 Understanding Nutrition Guidelines Updating Dietary Guidelines Visualizing Dietary Guidelines The Bottom Line 25.5 Nutrition and Health Body Mass Index Disorders Associated with Obesity Eating Disorders CHAPTER 26 Defenses Against Disease 26.1 Overview of the Immune System Lymphatic Organs Cells of the Immune System 26.2 Nonspecific Defenses and Innate Immunity Barriers to Entry The Inflammatory Response The Complement System Natural Killer Cells 26.3 Specific Defenses and Adaptive Immunity B Cells and the Antibody Response T Cells and the Cellular Response 26.4 Immunizations 26.5 Disorders of the Immune System Allergies Autoimmune Diseases AIDS CHAPTER 27 The Control Systems 27.1 Nervous System Examples of Nervous Systems The Human Nervous System Neurons The Nerve Impulse The Synapse Substance Abuse Disorders The Central Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System 27.2 Endocrine System The Action of Hormones Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Adrenal Glands Pancreas CHAPTER 28 Sensory Input and Motor Output 28.1 The Senses Chemical Senses Hearing and Balance Vision Cutaneous Receptors and Proprioceptors 28.2 The Motor Systems Types of Skeletons The Human Skeleton Skeletal Muscle Structure and Physiology CHAPTER 29 Reproduction, Development, and Aging 29.1 How Animals Reproduce Asexual Versus Sexu Reproduction Sexual Reproduction 29.2 Human Reproduction Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Control of Reproduction Infertility Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29.3 Human Embryonic Development Fertilization Early Embryonic Development Later Embryonic Development Placenta Fetal Development and Birth 29.4 Aging in Humans Factors Influencing Aging UNIT VII Ecology CHAPTER 30 Ecology of Populations 30.1 The Science of Ecology Ecology: A Biological Science 30.2 The Human Population Present Population Growth Projections of Future Population Growth More-Developed Versus Less-Developed Countries Comparing Age Structures Population Growth and Environmental Impact 30.3 Characteristics of Populations Distribution and Density Population Growth Patterns of Population Growth Factors That Regulate Population Growth 30.4 Life History Patterns and Extinction Extinction CHAPTER 31 Communities and Ecosystems 31.1 Ecology of Communities Community Composition and Diversity Ecological Succession Interactions in Communities Community Stability 31.2 Ecology of Ecosystems Autotrophs Heterotrophs Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling Chemical Cycling 31.3 Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems Aquatic Ecosystems Terrestrial Ecosystems Primary Productivity 31.4 Ecological Consequences of Climate Change Contributors to Climate Change Consequences of Climate Change CHAPTER 32 Human Impact on the Biosphere 32.1 Conservation Biology 32.2 Biodiversity Direct Values of Biodiversity Indirect Values of Biodiversity 32.3 Resources and Environmental Impact Land Water Food Energy Minerals Other Sources of Pollution 32.4 Sustainable Societies Today’s Society Characteristics of a Sustainable Society Appendix A Periodic Table of Elements & The Metric System Glossary Index